Furniture History
Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to
support various human activities such as seating and sleeping. Furniture is
also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal
surfaces above the ground), or to store things.
Furniture
can be a product of design and is considered a form of decorative art. In
addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious
purpose. It can be made from many materials, including metal, plastic, and
wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking
joints which often
reflect the local culture.
History
Furniture in fashion has been a part of the human experience since
the development of non-nomadic cultures. Evidence of furniture survives from
the Neolithic Period and later inantiquity in the form of paintings, such as the wall Murals discovered
at Pompeii; sculpture, and examples have been excavated in Egypt and
found in tombs in Ghiordes,
in modern day Turkey.
Neolithic period
A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village located in Orkney. The site dates from 3100–2500 BC and due to a
shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with
stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into
items for use within the household. Each house shows
a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment
of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers and beds to shelves, stone
seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as
the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is
therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic
objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic Carved Stone Balls also
found at the site.
Classical
world
Ancient furniture has
been excavated from the 8th-century BC Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There
are also surviving works from the 9th-8th-century BC Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen
tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the
6th and 3rd century BC. Recovered Ancient Egyptian furniture includes 3rd
millennium BC beds discovered
at Tarkhan as place for the deceased, a c.
2550 BC gilded bed and two chairs from the tomb
of Queen Hetepheres,
and many examples (boxes, beds, chairs) from c. 1550 to 1200 BC from Thebes. Ancient Greek furniture design beginning
in the 2nd millennium BC, including beds and the klismos chair, is preserved not only by extant
works, but by images on Greek vases. The 1738
and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture,
preserved in the ashes of the 79 A.D. eruption
of Vesuvius, to the eighteenth century.
Early modern Europe
The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak,
and ornamented with carved designs. Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and
fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar
explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general, occurred in
Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in
both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently
incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the
eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although
there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout
Western Europe.
19th century
The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic,
Neoclassicism, Rococo, and the EastHaven
Movement. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and
the Arts and Crafts
movement. Art Nouveau was
influenced by both of these movements.
Early North American
This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes
both form and materials. Early American chairs and tables are often constructed
with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend
the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular
emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as Cherry or Walnut.
Modernism
The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen
as the march towards Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Wiener Werkstätte,
and Vienna Secession designers
all worked to some degree within the Modernist idiom. Born from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles
came the post WWII "Mid-Century Modern"
style using materials developed during the war including lamenated plywood,
plastics and fiberglass. Prime examples include furniture designed by George
Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia,
Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen. Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the
1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis
movement. Transitional
furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.
Ecodesign
Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led
to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based
on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each
year
Contemporary
One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is Live edge, heralding a return to natural
shapes and textures within the home.
Asian history
Asian furniture has
a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia Furniture (Bali and Java) and Japan are
some of the best known, but places such as Korea, Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of
their own.
The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers
are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that China has an incredibly
rich and diverse history, and architecture, religion, furniture and culture in
general can vary incredibly from one dynasty to the next.
Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood,
high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or
thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu,
known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after
of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa era and Meiji era.
by. http://en .wikipedia. org/wiki/Furniture
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
Entri Populer
Arsip BlogTeak Furniture CatalogLink
indonesia furniture directory
indonesia furniture exporters asia trade turniture Direktori Indonesia - Indonesian free listing directory, SEO friendly free link directory, a comprehensive directory of Indonesian website. Labels
|